Two-photon voltage imaging with rhodopsin-based sensors.
2026-02-12, Neuron (10.1016/j.neuron.2025.12.014) (online)Christiane Grimm, Ruth R Sims, Dimitrii Tanese, Aysha S Mohamed Lafirdeen, Imane Bendifallah, Chung Yuen Chan, Giulia Faini, Elena Putti, Filippo Del Bene, Eirini Papagiakoumou, and Valentina Emiliani (?)
Advances in optical techniques and two-photon (2P) sensitive genetic voltage indicators (GEVIs) enabled in-depth voltage imaging at single-spike and single-cell resolution. These results were achieved using ASAP-type sensors, while rhodopsin-based GEVIs were mainly used with one-photon (1P) illumination. Here, we demonstrate compatibility of rhodopsin-based GEVIs with 2P illumination. We rationally engineer a fully genetically encoded, rhodopsin-based GEVI, just another voltage indicating sensor (Jarvis), and demonstrate its utility under 1P and 2P illumination. We further show 2P usability of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-opsin GEVIs pAce and Voltron2. Comparing 2P scanless with fast 2P scanning illumination revealed that responses are resolved with both approaches, but FRET-opsin GEVIs show improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with low irradiance, inherent to scanless illumination. Utilizing Jarvis and pAce, we establish high-SNR action potential detection at kilohertz imaging rates in mouse hippocampal slices, zebrafish larvae, and the cortex of awake mice, demonstrating high-contrast action potential detection under 2P illumination with rhodopsin-based GEVIs in vitro and in vivo.



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